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- $Unique_ID{BRK04150}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Psittacosis}
- $Subject{Psittacosis Ornithosis Parrot Fever Legionnaire's Disease Pneumonia Q
- Fever Brucellosis Hepatitis Meningitis Mononucleosis}
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1991 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
-
- 836:
- Psittacosis
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible that the main title of the article (Psittacosis) is not
- the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the
- alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Ornithosis
- Parrot Fever
-
- Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related
- Disorders section of this report:
-
- Legionnaire's Disease
- Pneumonia
- Q Fever
- Brucellosis
- Hepatitis
- Meningitis
- Mononucleosis
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
- Psittacosis is a common infectious disorder found in birds, some poultry
- and mammals including man. However, it rarely occurs in humans but when it
- does it can spread and become epidemic. In humans it can have very serious
- and complicated effects. The most prominent symptom is usually pneumonia
- with associated breathing problems. Other major symptoms may include chills,
- fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, and muscle pain in the neck and back.
- These symptoms can mimic many other diseases. A definite diagnosis is
- necessary for appropriate treatment to begin.
-
- Symptoms
-
- Symptoms of Psittacosis are usually those of pneumonia, shortness of breath,
- tiredness and pain when breathing. However, the illness can have symptoms
- that are indicative of other diseases making it difficult to diagnose. For
- example, the symptoms may mimic influenza or mononucleosis, or the symptoms
- may be more severe indicating serious lung problems. The patient may cough
- and spit up bloody mucus, have difficulty breathing or experience pain when
- breathing. There may be severe headache or vomiting, loss of interest in
- eating, severe muscle pain, chills and fever. In some serious cases there
- may be heart involvement with irregular or uncomfortable heart beat and
- inflammation of the sack surrounding the heart (pericarditis). An enlarged
- spleen or liver may also occur. Diagnosis is made by a rise in antibodies in
- serum and by x-rays that show a ground-glass like shadow most often in the
- right inferior lobe of the lung.
-
- Disorder Subdivision:
- The bacterium, Chlamydia psittaci, that causes Psittacosis in birds and
- fowls also causes abortions in cows and sheep. This bacterium is known to
- affect birds and mammals, including man, causing serious illness and abortion
- in pregnant cows and ewes.
-
- Causes
-
- Psittacosis is caused in humans by exposure to the bacterium Chlamydia
- psittaci which is transmitted from infected birds and poultry. Most
- instances of infection occur from handling infected birds themselves or by
- working in areas where birds are kept or butchered. Poultry and pet store
- workers are at a very high risk as are breeders of parrots, parakeets, love-
- birds etc. Poultry workers handling the insides (viscera) of butchered
- turkeys also run a high risk of contracting the disease from blood and
- tissue. Another source of infection is the dried feces of birds and poultry
- and the dust from feathers and cages. Protective gloves and masks can often
- prevent transmission of the disease to these workers.
-
- The birds themselves often do not appear to be ill even though the
- disease is often fatal. Pet owners need to be made aware that even though
- birds are asymptomatic they can still carry the disease and spread the
- bacterium for months. Not only pet birds but domestic fowls, feral birds,
- city pigeons and sparrows are known carriers of Psittacosis.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Psittacosis affects males and females in equal numbers. Bird breeders, pet
- store workers, pigeon keepers and poultry workers are the most frequently
- infected. However, anyone who owns a pet bird should be aware of the
- possibility that the bird may carry the bacterium. Since the disease can
- become epidemic in animals as well as in humans, discovery of a single case
- of the disease should be reported to local public health authorities.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Psittacosis.
- Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
-
- Legionnaire's Disease resembles pneumonia including a shaking chill,
- sharp pain in the involved side of the chest, cough with sputum or phlegm
- production, fever of up to 105 degrees F, and in some cases, rapid and
- painful respiration. Abdominal pain, diarrhea, neurological signs such as
- headache, confusion, lethargy or agitation may also be present. (For more
- information on this disorder, choose "Legionnaire" as your search term in the
- Rare Disease Database).
-
- Pneumonia may vary from mild to severe according to the extent of lung
- involvement, whether caused by bacteria or virus, accumulation of tissue and
- cells not normally found in the lungs, the rate of progress, and the presence
- of complications. The patient sometimes has no fever. In others the onset
- may be rapid with fever, suggesting an acute respiratory infection. Symptoms
- such as shortness of breath on exertion, cough, lack of oxygen, loss of
- appetite, weight loss, weakness and chest pains may be present. (For more
- information on this disorder, choose "Pneumonia" as your search term in the
- Rare Disease Database).
-
- Q Fever is a disorder transmitted from sheep to man. Patients may
- experience headache, fever, chills, sweats, coughing, and inflammation of the
- lungs. They may also experience excess tiredness, muscle pain, chest pain,
- sore throat, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Prolonged Q Fever may result in
- inflammation and enlargement of the liver with upper right abdominal pain,
- fever, fatigue, and yellowing of the skin (jaundice). Inflammation of the
- lining of the heart may also occur. (For more information on this disorder,
- choose "Q Fever" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
-
- Brucellosis is an infectious disease characterized by sudden and acute,
- weakness, profuse sweating and vague aches and pains. Chills and fever,
- severe headache, pains, malaise, and occasionally diarrhea may also occur.
- The disorder occurs worldwide, most often as a result of drinking
- unpasteurized milk. (For more information on this disorder, choose
- "Brucellosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
-
- Hepatitis B virus usually has a one to six week incubation period during
- which a certain antigen circulates in the blood before symptoms of the
- illness develop. Hepatitis B, which is usually transmitted from mother to
- child or through bodily fluids, may initially appear as influenza symptoms,
- fever, headache, eye-ear-nose-throat involvement, chills, tiredness, itchy
- rash, etc., followed by nausea, vomiting and yellow discoloration of the
- skin. (For more information on this disorder choose "Hepatitis" as your
- search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
-
- Meningitis in adults and children is often preceded by respiratory
- illness or a sore throat. In its acute form, the disorder is characterized
- by fever, headache, a stiff neck, nausea, vomiting, sometimes with aching
- muscles. (For more information on this disorder choose "Meningitis" as your
- search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
-
- Mononucleosis is thought to occur after exposure to the Epstein-Barr
- virus. The disorder occurs after a patient feels unwell for a few days.
- They will have a severe headache, swollen glands in the armpits, groin and
- neck, fever and a sore throat, puffy eyes, swollen tonsils, a skin rash and
- loss of appetite. The spleen and liver may also become enlarged and the
- patient may notice a yellowish discoloration to their skin (jaundice).
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Treatment of Psittacosis in humans usually consists of antibiotic drug
- therapy. The drug tetracycline is the most commonly used antibiotic but
- others have been found to be helpful also. Among those are minocycline,
- floxacin, and erythromycin.
-
- Treatment of Psittacosis in birds includes injecting oxytetracycline into
- the muscle followed by injections just under the skin of the bird with the
- same drug every 2-3 days. Alternatively daily feedings of food treated with
- antibiotics may cure the disease. Larger birds such as Macaws may be treated
- with the drug chlortetracycline added to their food.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- February 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to
- keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and
- accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for
- the most current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 496-5717
-
- Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
- 1600 Clifton Road, NE
- Atlanta, GA 30333
- 404-329-3534
-
- References
-
- CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H.
- Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 1564, 1735-1737.
-
- GENETIC, IMMUNOLOGIC, AND PATHOLOGIC CHARACTERIZATION OF AVIAN CHLAMYDIAL
- STRAINS, A.A. Anderson, et al.; J Am Vet Med Assoc, (December 1989, issue 1;
- 195 (11)). Pp. 1512-1516.
-
- AN OUTBREAK OF PSITTACOSIS IN MINNESOTA TURKEY INDUSTRY WORKERS:
- IMPLICATIONS FOR MODES OF TRANSMISSION AND CONTROL; K. Hedberg, et al.; Am J
- Epidemiol (September, 1989, issue 130 (30)). Pp. 569-577.
-
- PSITTACOSIS PNEUMONIA, R. Stubbs, et al.; J Tenn Med Assoc. (April, 1989,
- issue 82 (4)). Pp. 189-190.
-
- POTENTIAL USE OF LONG-ACTING INJECTABLE OXYTETRACYCLINE FOR TREATMENT OF
- CHLAMYDIOSIS IN GOFFIN'S COCKATOOS., K. Flammer. et al,; Avian Dis (January-
- March, 1990, issue 34 (1)). Pp. 228-234.
-
-